CSEC MATHEMATICS · MODULE 1 · LESSON A4

Ratio, Proportion, Rates and Sequences

Comparing quantities with ratio, sharing in a given ratio, direct proportion, rates, and finding terms and rules of number sequences.

Fundamentals of Secondary Level MathematicsM1 1.14M1 1.16M1 1.17M1 1.18M1 1.19≈ 35 min🎮 3 games
Before you start

By the end of this lesson you can…

Step 1 · Watch

Explainer video

5 narrated scenes. Press play, listen and read along — the points appear as they are explained. Use ‹ Prev / Next › or the scene bar to jump to any scene.

LESSON A4 · EXPLAINER

Ratio, Proportion, Rates and Sequences

Recipes, maps, currency, speed — all ratio. And every pattern in the investigation question starts with a sequence.

Narration uses your device’s built-in voice. No sound? Switch to “Captions only” — the captions advance on their own.

Step 2 · Read

Key notes

Copy these into your notebook in your own words — that is how they stick.

Simplify ratios

Same units first; divide all parts by the HCF.

Share in a ratio

Add parts → one part = total ÷ parts → multiply. If given a difference between shares, one part = difference ÷ difference in parts.

Direct proportion

y = kx. Use the unitary method (find one first).

Rates

Compare two different units. Best buy = lowest cost per unit (or most per dollar).

Currency

Divide to go to the stronger currency; multiply to go to the weaker. Check the answer is sensible.

Linear sequence

Constant common difference d → Tₙ = dn + (T₁ − d).

Non-linear

If the differences change by a constant, the sequence is quadratic; extend the pattern of differences to continue it.

Checking

Substitute n = 1, 2, 3 into your rule and compare with the given terms.

EXAM TIPS & COMMON MISTAKES

  • Make units match BEFORE writing a ratio (cm with cm). 40 cm : 1 m is 2 : 5, not 40 : 1.
  • Check that a shared amount adds back to the total — a quick way to catch slips.
  • In “best buy” questions show the unit price for each option, not just the answer.
  • For the nth term, give the rule as an expression in n, e.g. Tₙ = 4n − 1, not just the next term.
Play & practise

Games

3 quick games on this lesson. Earn XP and badges as you play — your best score for each game is saved. Games are for practice and do not change your exam readiness. More games in the Mathematics Arcade.

Step 3 · Practise

Paper 1 practice — multiple choice

8 items modelled on real CSEC Paper 1 questions. Choose one answer for each, then check. Aim for 80% or better. Work each item on paper first.

Adapted from CSEC P1 May/June 2024 (ratio item)

1. A certain amount of money is shared among Jay, Troy and Jordan in the ratio 2 : 3 : 9. If Troy received $40 more than Jay, the amount of money shared is

Answer: B. Troy − Jay = 1 part = $40. Total = 14 parts = $560.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 1.14

2. The ratio 40 cm : 1 m in its simplest form is

Answer: C. 1 m = 100 cm so 40 : 100 = 2 : 5.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 1.18

3. $450 is shared in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. The LARGEST share is

Answer: D. 9 parts, 1 part = $50, largest = 4 × 50 = $200.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 1.14

4. Five pens cost $12.50. Eight of the same pens cost

Answer: A. 1 pen = $2.50; 8 pens = $20.
Adapted from CSEC P1 May/June 2024 (sequence item)

5. The next term in the sequence 1, 6, 13, 22, 33, … is

Answer: A. The differences are 5, 7, 9, 11 so the next difference is 13: 33 + 11 = 44.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 1.17

6. The nth term of the sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, … is

Answer: B. Common difference 4, so 4n + c; when n = 1, 4 + c = 3 → c = −1.
Based on the syllabus mental-computation example (SO 1.19)

7. A cricket team scores at a rate of 4.6 runs per over for the first 5 overs. If it continues at this rate, its projected score after 20 overs is

Answer: C. 4.6 × 20 = 92.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 1.14

8. Which is the BEST buy?

Answer: C. Per 100 g: $0.90, $0.80, $1.00, $0.95. The lowest is $0.80.
Step 4 · Apply

Paper 2 practice — structured questions

Write full answers, then reveal the mark scheme and tick the points you earned (18 marks in total). Show all your working — method marks count. Your answers are saved on this device.

CSEC Paper 02 style · Module 1 (Ratio and proportion)

Question 1 [9 marks]

Jim packs cases of fruit juice. Each case contains 24 boxes in three varieties — apple, orange and pineapple — in the ratio 2 : 5 : 1.

(a) How many boxes of pineapple juice are in each case? [2]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 2)

(b) How many boxes of orange juice are in 15 cases? [3]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 3)

(c) Shop A sells 6 boxes for $20.10 and Shop B sells 10 boxes for $32.00. Which shop gives the better price per box? Show your working. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 4)

CSEC Paper 02 style · Module 1 (Sequences — investigation style)

Question 2 [9 marks]

The first four patterns in a sequence of tile designs use 5, 8, 11 and 14 tiles respectively.

(a) Write down the number of tiles in Pattern 5 and Pattern 6. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 2)

(b) Derive an expression for the number of tiles in Pattern n. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 3)

(c) Determine which pattern uses exactly 101 tiles. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 2)

(d) Explain why no pattern can use exactly 100 tiles. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (d) (max 2)

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Sources

Where this topic appears in CSEC papers

Find these in your own past-paper booklets for extra timed practice. Items above are written in the style of these papers; any adapted from a specific question say so.