CSEC BIOLOGY · LAB PREPARATION · LESSON L11

Compulsory Practical 6: Nutrition and Disease (Enzymes)

Investigating temperature and pH on amylase or catalase, and nutrition surveys linked to diet-related disease.

Practical Skills and the SBAB2.8–2.11SBA topic 6≈ 30 min🎮 3 games
Before you start

By the end of this lesson you can…

Step 1 · Watch

Explainer video

4 narrated scenes. Press play, listen and read along — the points appear as they are explained. Use ‹ Prev / Next › or the scene bar to jump to any scene.

LESSON L11 · EXPLAINER

Compulsory Practical 6: Nutrition and Disease (Enzymes)

The syllabus names two enzymes you may investigate: amylase and catalase. Here are both, done properly.

Narration uses your device’s built-in voice. No sound? Switch to “Captions only” — the captions advance on their own.

Step 2 · Read

Key notes

Copy these into your notebook in your own words — that is how they stick.

Amylase test

Starch disappears → iodine stays orange-brown; time to disappear measures rate.

Optimum

≈ 37 °C for human enzymes; denatured by high temperature; each enzyme has an optimum pH.

Catalase

H₂O₂ → water + O₂; measure foam height or gas volume.

Controls

Boiled enzyme; same volumes, concentrations, times; water baths/buffers.

Safety

Goggles with H₂O₂; care with hot water baths.

EXAM TIPS & COMMON MISTAKES

  • Enzyme and substrate must reach the test temperature BEFORE mixing — a favourite exam question.
Step 2 · Learn from examples

Worked examples & study resources

The kind of support a teacher gives after the lesson: worked examples to attempt first, a board illustration, key terms, common misconceptions and memory aids.

Worked example 1

Rate of amylase activity

Time for starch to disappear (iodine test):
Temperature (°C)20304050
Time (s)24012060200
Calculate the rate (1000 ÷ time) at each temperature and state the approximate optimum.

Try it in your notebook first, then reveal the solution one step at a time.

  1. 20 °C: 1000 ÷ 240 = 4.2. 30 °C: 1000 ÷ 120 = 8.3.
  2. 40 °C: 1000 ÷ 60 = 16.7. 50 °C: 1000 ÷ 200 = 5.0.
  3. The rate is highest at 40 °C, so the optimum is about 40 °C (between 30 and 50 °C).
  4. The fall at 50 °C is due to the enzyme beginning to denature.
Answer. Rates: 4.2, 8.3, 16.7, 5.0 (arbitrary units). Optimum about 40 °C.
Examiner’s tip. Shorter time = faster rate. Converting to rate (1 ÷ time) makes the graph show the familiar enzyme curve with a peak.
Worked example 2

Catalase in potato at different pH

Equal pieces of potato were added to hydrogen peroxide at pH 4, 7 and 10, and the height of foam was measured after 2 minutes: 12 mm, 35 mm and 18 mm. A boiled potato at pH 7 gave 0 mm. Explain.

Try it in your notebook first, then reveal the solution one step at a time.

  1. Catalase in potato breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; the oxygen makes the foam.
  2. The highest foam (35 mm) at pH 7 shows catalase works best near neutral pH.
  3. At pH 4 and 10 the active site changes shape, so fewer substrate molecules fit and less oxygen is released.
  4. The boiled potato gave no foam because heat denatured the catalase — this is the control, showing the foam is caused by the enzyme.
Answer. Optimum near pH 7; less activity in acid or alkaline conditions; boiled potato (control) shows no activity because the enzyme is denatured.
Examiner’s tip. The boiled-enzyme control is a favourite exam question: it proves the reaction is caused by the enzyme, not by the potato tissue itself.
On the board · Controls in enzyme experiments
ExperimentControlWhat it shows
Amylase and starchBoiled amylase, or water instead of amylaseStarch disappears only because of the enzyme
Catalase in potatoBoiled potatoFoam is caused by the enzyme
Effect of temperatureSame volumes, concentrations and pH at every temperatureOnly temperature changes

A good control changes only one thing: it removes the active enzyme.

Key terms

Catalase
Enzyme in most living cells that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Optimum
The condition (temperature or pH) at which an enzyme works fastest.
Denatured
Permanently changed shape of an enzyme’s active site, so it no longer works.
Rate
How fast a reaction happens, e.g. 1000 ÷ time.
Buffer
A solution that keeps the pH constant.

Common misconceptions

  • ✗ The fastest time is the lowest rate.✓ The shortest time means the FASTEST rate.
  • ✗ Cold denatures enzymes.✓ Cold slows enzymes down; they recover when warmed. Heat denatures them permanently.
  • ✗ All enzymes have an optimum of 37 °C and pH 7.✓ Pepsin works best at about pH 2; enzymes from other organisms have different optimums.

Memory aid

Enzyme graph: “up, peak, crash” — rate rises with temperature, peaks at the optimum, then crashes as the enzyme denatures.

Real-life link

Washing powders contain enzymes (proteases, lipases) chosen to work at low temperatures, so clothes are cleaned without boiling water — saving energy.

Try this

Drop a small piece of raw potato and a piece of boiled potato into separate cups of hydrogen peroxide (3%, from a pharmacy, with an adult). Compare the bubbles.

Play & practise

Games

3 quick games on this lesson. Earn XP and badges as you play — your best score for each game is saved. Games are for practice and do not change your exam readiness.

Step 3 · Practise

Paper 1 practice — multiple choice

6 items modelled on real CSEC Paper 1 questions. Choose one answer for each, then check. Aim for 80% or better.

Based on CSEC P2 January 2024, Q1(d)(iii)

1. Why are starch and amylase kept separately in the water bath before mixing?

Answer: B. Otherwise the reaction starts at the wrong temperature.
Based on CSEC P2 January 2024, Q1(d)

2. Iodine stays orange-brown when added to the mixture. This shows

Answer: A. No starch left.
Adapted from CSEC Specimen Paper 01, Items 10–11

3. Enzyme I works best at pH 2; enzyme II at about pH 8. Enzyme II is MOST likely

Answer: A. Trypsin works in the alkaline small intestine.
EduTech lab item

4. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into

Answer: B. Oxygen causes the foam.
EduTech lab item

5. The best control for an enzyme experiment is

Answer: C. Shows the change needs active enzyme.
EduTech lab item

6. At 70 °C amylase does not digest starch because it is

Answer: D. The active site changes shape.
Step 4 · Apply

Practical-style questions

Write full answers, then reveal the mark scheme and tick the points you earned (9 marks in total). Your answers are saved on this device.

Based on CSEC P2 January 2024, Question 1(d) and SO B2.9

Question 1 [9 marks]

Plan an investigation into the effect of temperature on amylase.

(a) Describe the method, naming variables and the control. [6]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 6)

(b) Predict and explain the results. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 3)

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Sources

Syllabus sources and past papers

Everything in this lesson is based on these parts of the CXC syllabus and papers.