CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS · SECTION 1 · LESSON A4

The Discriminant, Equations Reducible to Quadratics and Sums and Products of Roots

Using b² − 4ac to describe the roots, solving equations that turn into quadratics, and using α + β and αβ without solving.

Algebra, Sequences and SeriesS1 B.4S1 B.5S1 B.6≈ 45 min🎮 3 games
Before you start

By the end of this lesson you can…

Step 1 · Watch

Explainer video

5 narrated scenes. Press play, listen and read along — the points appear as they are explained. Use ‹ Prev / Next › or the scene bar to jump to any scene.

LESSON A4 · EXPLAINER

The Discriminant, Equations Reducible to Quadratics and Sums and Products of Roots

You can tell how many roots a quadratic has — and find expressions in the roots — without ever solving it.

Narration uses your device’s built-in voice. No sound? Switch to “Captions only” — the captions advance on their own.

Explore in 3D

The discriminant

See how the discriminant decides the number of roots.

Step 2 · Read

Key notes

Copy these into your notebook in your own words — that is how they stick.

Discriminant

D = b² − 4ac: > 0 two real roots; = 0 equal roots; < 0 no real roots.

Real roots

D ≥ 0.

Tangency

A line touches a curve when the combined quadratic has D = 0.

Substitution

u = x², u = √x, u = 2ˣ …; solve for u, then back to x; reject impossible u.

Sum and product

α + β = −b/a; αβ = c/a.

Useful forms

α² + β² = (α + β)² − 2αβ; 1/α + 1/β = (α + β)/(αβ); (α − β)² = (α + β)² − 4αβ.

New equation

x² − (sum of new roots)x + (product of new roots) = 0.

Check

Substitute a root or compare with the original sum and product.

EXAM TIPS & COMMON MISTAKES

  • Write D = b² − 4ac with the values substituted before simplifying — that earns the method mark.
  • “Real and distinct” means D > 0; “real” alone includes D = 0.
  • After substituting u, reject values that cannot happen (for example u = x² < 0).
  • Never solve the quadratic when the question says “without solving” — use α + β and αβ.
Play & practise

Games

3 quick games on this lesson. Earn XP and badges as you play — your best score for each game is saved. Games are for practice and do not change your exam readiness. More games in the Additional Mathematics Arcade.

Step 3 · Practise

Paper 1 practice — multiple choice

8 items modelled on real CSEC Paper 1 questions. Choose one answer for each, then check. Aim for 80% or better. Work each item on paper first.

Adapted from CSEC P1 May/June 2024 (nature of roots item)

1. The roots of the equation x² − 7x + 3 = 0 are

Answer: C. D = 49 − 12 = 37 > 0, not a perfect square: real and distinct (irrational).
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.4

2. The equation kx² + 4x + 1 = 0 has equal roots when k is

Answer: C. D = 16 − 4k = 0 → k = 4.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.4

3. For which values of k does x² − 2x + (k + 3) = 0 have NO real roots?

Answer: B. D = 4 − 4(k + 3) < 0 → k > −2.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.5

4. The solutions of x⁴ − 6x² + 8 = 0 are

Answer: C. x² = 2 or 4.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.5

5. The solution of x − 2√x + 1 = 0 is

Answer: D. u = √x: (u − 1)² = 0 → x = 1.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.6

6. The roots of 2x² − 5x + 3 = 0 are α and β. The value of α + β is

Answer: A. −b/a = 5/2.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.6

7. For 2x² − 5x + 3 = 0, the value of α² + β² is

Answer: B. (5/2)² − 2(3/2) = 25/4 − 3 = 13/4.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO B.6

8. A quadratic with roots 2α and 2β, where α and β are the roots of 2x² − 5x + 3 = 0, is

Answer: C. Sum 5, product 6.
Step 4 · Apply

Paper 2 practice — structured questions

Write full answers, then reveal the mark scheme and tick the points you earned (26 marks in total). Show all your working — method marks count. Your answers are saved on this device.

CSEC Paper 02 style · Section 1 (Roots of a quadratic)

Question 1 [14 marks]

The roots of the equation 3x² − 9x + 1 = 0 are α and β.

(a) Write down α + β and αβ. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 2)

(b) Without solving the equation, find the value of (i) α² + β², (ii) 1/α + 1/β. [5]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 5)

(c) Find an equation, with integer coefficients, whose roots are 1/α and 1/β. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 4)

(d) Show that the equation 3x² − 9x + k = 0 has real roots only if k ≤ 27/4. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (d) (max 3)

CSEC Paper 02 style · Section 1 (Reducible equations and tangency)

Question 2 [12 marks]

Answer all parts.

(a) Solve x⁴ − 13x² + 36 = 0. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 4)

(b) Solve x − 5√x + 6 = 0. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 4)

(c) Show that the line y = x + c is a tangent to the circle x² + y² = 8 when c = ±4. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 4)

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Sources

Where this topic appears in CSEC papers

Find these in your own past-paper booklets for extra timed practice. Items above are written in the style of these papers; any adapted from a specific question say so.