CSEC MATHEMATICS · MODULE 2 · LESSON B10

Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs

Drawing the graph of a quadratic function, reading roots, turning point and axis of symmetry from it, the completed-square form, and sketching.

Intermediate Secondary Level MathematicsM2 3.15M2 3.16M2 3.17M2 3.18M2 3.19M2 3.20≈ 45 min🎮 3 games
Before you start

By the end of this lesson you can…

Step 1 · Watch

Explainer video

5 narrated scenes. Press play, listen and read along — the points appear as they are explained. Use ‹ Prev / Next › or the scene bar to jump to any scene.

LESSON B10 · EXPLAINER

Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs

Every ball thrown, every bridge arch, every profit curve is a parabola. The graph of a quadratic tells you its whole story: where it crosses, where it turns, how high it gets.

Narration uses your device’s built-in voice. No sound? Switch to “Captions only” — the captions advance on their own.

Explore in 3D

Quadratic graphs

Change a, b and c and see the turning point and roots.

Step 2 · Read

Key notes

Copy these into your notebook in your own words — that is how they stick.

Drawing

Table of values; plot points carefully; join with a smooth curve; label axes and the curve.

Shape

a > 0: ∪ minimum. a < 0: ∩ maximum.

Roots

x-intercepts: solutions of ax² + bx + c = 0.

Axis of symmetry

x = −b/(2a), halfway between the roots.

Turning point

On the axis of symmetry: substitute x = −b/2a to find y.

Completed square

y = a(x + h)² + k → vertex (−h, k), axis x = −h.

Solving with the graph

To solve f(x) = k draw y = k and read the x-values of the intersections.

Tangent

The gradient of a curve at a point is the gradient of the tangent there.

EXAM TIPS & COMMON MISTAKES

  • Draw a SMOOTH curve through all points — no flat bottoms, no straight segments.
  • If one point does not fit the smooth curve, recheck the calculation of that y-value.
  • State the turning point as coordinates, and say whether it is a maximum or minimum.
  • For the axis of symmetry write an equation: x = 1, not just 1.
Play & practise

Games

3 quick games on this lesson. Earn XP and badges as you play — your best score for each game is saved. Games are for practice and do not change your exam readiness. More games in the Mathematics Arcade.

Step 3 · Practise

Paper 1 practice — multiple choice

8 items modelled on real CSEC Paper 1 questions. Choose one answer for each, then check. Aim for 80% or better. Work each item on paper first.

Adapted from CSEC P1 May/June 2024 (maximum point of y = 4x − x²)

1. The coordinates of the maximum point of the function y = 4x − x² are

Answer: B. y = −(x − 2)² + 4; the vertex is (2, 4).
Adapted from CSEC P1 May/June 2024 (axis of symmetry item)

2. The equation of the axis of symmetry of y = 4x − x² is

Answer: C. Halfway between the roots 0 and 4: x = 2.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.16

3. The roots of y = x² − 2x − 3 are

Answer: D. (x − 3)(x + 1) = 0.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.18

4. The minimum value of y = x² − 2x − 3 is

Answer: A. y = (x − 1)² − 4, so the minimum is −4.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.18

5. The turning point of y = (x − 3)² + 2 is

Answer: B. (−h, k) = (3, 2).
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.19

6. How many real roots does y = −(x + 1)² − 3 have?

Answer: A. The maximum value is −3 (below the x-axis), so the curve never reaches it.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.17

7. For which values of x is x² − 2x − 3 < 0?

Answer: C. The curve is below the x-axis between the roots.
CSEC Paper 01 style · SO 3.16

8. The y-intercept of y = x² − 2x − 3 is

Answer: D. Put x = 0: y = −3.
Step 4 · Apply

Paper 2 practice — structured questions

Write full answers, then reveal the mark scheme and tick the points you earned (20 marks in total). Show all your working — method marks count. Your answers are saved on this device.

CSEC Paper 02 style · Module 2 (Quadratic graphs)

Question 1 [11 marks]

The function f is defined by f(x) = x² − 2x − 3.

(a) Complete the table of values for x = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 2)

(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to 1 unit on the y-axis, draw the graph. (Check your drawing: labelled axes, correct scales, points plotted, smooth curve, y-intercept (0, −3), roots at −1 and 3.) [3]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 3)

(c) From the graph state (i) the roots of f(x) = 0, (ii) the equation of the axis of symmetry, (iii) the coordinates and nature of the turning point. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 3)

(d) Show that the equation x² − 2x − 5 = 0 can be solved by drawing y = 2 on your graph, and read the solutions. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (d) (max 3)

CSEC Paper 02 style · Module 2 (Maximum of a quadratic)

Question 2 [9 marks]

The function g is defined by g(x) = −x² + 4x + 5.

(a) Express g(x) in the form a(x + h)² + k. [3]

MARK SCHEME — (a) (max 3)

(b) State the coordinates of the maximum point and the equation of the axis of symmetry. [2]

MARK SCHEME — (b) (max 2)

(c) Find the roots of g(x) = 0 and hence the values of x for which g(x) ≥ 0. [4]

MARK SCHEME — (c) (max 4)

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Sources

Where this topic appears in CSEC papers

Find these in your own past-paper booklets for extra timed practice. Items above are written in the style of these papers; any adapted from a specific question say so.